James Baldwins Notes of a Native Son Essay example

James Baldwins Notes of a Native Son demonstrates his complex and unique relationship with his father. Baldwins relationship with his father is very similar to most father-son relationships but the effect of racial discrimination on the lives of both, (the father and the son) makes it distinctive. At the outset, Baldwin accepts the fact that his father was only trying to look out for him, but deep down, he cannot help but feel that his father was imposing his thoughts and experiences on him. Baldwins depiction of his relationship with his father while he was alive is full of loathing and detest for him and his ideologies, but as he matures, he discovers his father in himself. His fathers hatred in relation to the white American†¦show more content†¦The white world had shut the door on him and he finally conceded the burden of being black. Baldwin affirms, I had discovered the weight of the white people in the world (222). Baldwin realized that his father was not trying to pa ss along his racist beliefs. He was simply trying to save them from the agonizing conduct of the whites towards them. He found the reason behind the bitterness in his father. Baldwin also became aware that the bitterness, which he had once hated in his father, was now a part of him The bitterness which had helped to kill my father could also kill me (222). Baldwin did not want live a lonely life; the fear of becoming, what his father once was, dwelled in Baldwin. He realized that he had to free himself of the bitterness, before the bitterness distanced him from his family (like it had, for his father). Baldwin felt torn between the feeling of hatred that he had always felt for his father and a gnawing feeling of guilt for not being able to understand the reason for his fathers detached behavior. He emphasizes, The moment I saw him I knew why I had put off this visit so long. I told my mother that I did not want to see him because I hated him. But this was not true. It was only that I had hated him and I wanted to hold onto this hatred (230). Baldwin was afraid to admit that his hatred was meaningless; but that feeling of hate had resided in him for as long as he could remember. Baldwin was not sure if heShow MoreRelated James Baldwins Narration and Analysis in Notes of a Native Son1233 Words   |  5 Pagesand hate in James Baldwin’s essay â€Å"Notes of a Native Son.† Throughout this essay James Baldwin continually makes references to life and death, blacks and whites, and love and hate. He uses his small experiences to explain a much larger, more complicated pict ure of life. From the first paragraph of the essay to the last paragraph, Baldwin continually makes connections on his point of view on life; beginning with the day his father died, to the time that his father was buried. James Baldwin is anRead More James Baldwins Life in Notes of a Native Son Essay1374 Words   |  6 Pages James Baldwin lived during an extremely tumultuous time where hatred ruled the country. Race riots, beatings, and injustice flooded the cities that he, as well as most African Americans, was forced to live with every day. Many people, out of fright, suppressed their opposition to the blatant inequalities of the nation. However, some people refused to let themselves be put down solely because of their skin color and so they publicly announced their opposition. One such person was James BaldwinRead MoreInfluences of Racism in James Baldwins Notes of a Native Son644 Words   |  3 Pagesto school or even work? Yes, another set of influences. In Notes of a Native Son we see all these things come into play as we read about how James Baldwin tries to understand racism. In the beginning Baldwin describes his father as a mean person and he begins to question and try to understand why his father was the way he was. We see how the father tries to pass along his racist beliefs to Baldwin when he is speaking to his son, he became more explicit and warned me that my white friends inRead More Reviews of Notes of a Native Son Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pages Reviews of Notes of a Native Son Notes of a Native Son, a widely acclaimed and celebrated book by James Baldwin was subjected to many reviews upon its first publication. There were many opposing views between reviewers but almost all came to the conclusion that Baldwin’s use of words was extremely eloquent and intelligent. Specifically an article titled â€Å"Rage unto Order† by Dachine Rainer was very adamant about Baldwin’s genius as a writer but hardly did anything to explain or exemplify thatRead MoreEssay on Analyzing Notes of a Native Son1485 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyzing â€Å"Notes of a Native Son† James Baldwin is a highly renowned African-American essay writer who is best known for his ability to interweave narrative and argument into concise well-written essays. He had his first book published at the early age of 19 and has published some astounding literature during the time of civil rights activism. He succeeded himself to rise out of his poverty to become an amazing writer through self-determination and courage. In his essay entitled, â€Å"Notes of a NativeRead MoreEssay on Hatred in Notes of a Native Son1156 Words   |  5 Pagesthe written word. But James Baldwin, a popular black writer during this time period, does not harp on this subject. Instead of preaching about his hatred for white America, Baldwin utilizes his narrative and analysis techniques to illustrate the destructive nature of the black society’s hatred for white society in â€Å"Notes of a Native Son†. The hatred many African Americans possessed during the 1950s caused multiple riots. Baldwin touches on this in â€Å"Notes of a Native Son†, by mentioning the HarlemRead MoreEssay about Notes of a Native Son: Stubbornness Vs. Persistence788 Words   |  4 Pages In James Baldwins essay Notes of a Native Son he tries to show how his father has affected his life. Baldwin does not think that his father will or has any effect on his life. It is not until after his father dies that Baldwin realizes what his father had continually told him is actually be true. Baldwins relationship with his father is very similar to most child parent relationship. Children often think that their parents know nothing and it is not until something actually happens thatRead MoreThe Impact of James Baldwins Writing on the Civil Rights Movement1323 Words   |  5 PagesJames Baldwin is looked upon by many as the first of the great Black writers to have had a significant impact on the Civil Rights movement. James Baldwin work was very important to the civil rights movement and he was influenced by the civil rights movement. Born in 1924, Baldwin moved to Paris, France in his early twenties and it was from there that he did most of his important writing (Boyd). Baldwin began his writing career as a novelist and his personal goal was always to attain a status as aRead More Baldwins Father in Notes of a Native Son Essay1670 Words   |  7 Pagesby writers to convey their experiences to an audience. James Baldwin is a renowned author for bringing his experience to literature. He grew up Harlem in the 1940’s and 1950’s, a crucial point in history for America due to the escalading conflict between people of different races marked by the race riots of Harlem and Detroit. This environment that Baldwin grew up in inspires and influences him to write the narrative â€Å"Notes of a Native Son,† which is based on his experience with racism and theRead MoreNotes t o a Native Son1226 Words   |  5 Pagesthe last paragraph in the biographical section on page 51 that starts with â€Å"In ‘Notes of a Native Son,’† was most useful to my understanding of this essay because it gives a brief summary of Baldwin’s essay. However, the first couple of sentences on page 49 gave me an idea of what kind of writer Baldwin is: â€Å"took on the responsibility of speaking as a black American about the ‘Negro problems in America.’† 2) Baldwin’s father is a minister whom he never gets to know as a true loving parent. There

History of Police - 1058 Words

The history of Police Paper Samuel G. Gilley CJA/214 – Introduction to Police Theory and Practices June 10, 2012 Judith Brodsky Abstract This paper is about the history of police in America. This paper will describe the impact of Sir Robert Peel on American policing. Also, it will discuss the different stages of police in America. In addition, it will analyze the relationship between the government and the policing organizations throughout the United States. Police history is something everyone should know about. Police have been around for a long time. The history of police is important to know about because it helps people understand why some of the†¦show more content†¦These logics from Great Britain. In 1634, Boston created its first watch. These watchmen patrolled at night through the city against fires, disorder, and crime. When the town got more people, the nightwatch became day and night watch. Using the English tradition, they used all men to serve as watchmen. This duty turned into a professional position later, after there were men trying to avoid this duty. Most of the first American police departments were versions of the watch system that was expanded. The first police officers in America did not wear uniforms or carry weapons. They were only were identified by a distinguishing cap and badge. Once the levels of crime and violence augmented, police started to carry weapons in the nineteenth century (Schmalleger, 200 9).. The political era had men without formal education, those in unscrupulous health, and people with criminal records. There were officers who did not have job security because they could be fired on the spot. Sometimes after an election all the officers could be fired and rehired. According to â€Å"Schmalleger, 2009)†, officers in big cities made more money than factory workers. Local politicians used to reward their friends jobs on the police force. Also, there were cities entire areas not really patrolled (Schmalleger, 2009). Telephones did not exist, so people in the city could not call anyone about crime. Officers patrolled on foot and their supervisor could not keepShow MoreRelatedPolice History711 Words   |  3 PagesPolice History Gamaliel Diaz- Maldonado University of Phoenix Introduction To Police Theories And Practice (CJA/214) April 11, 2013 Police history The United States and Puerto Rico have a fast growing society. This Society with a different points of view and social class who divide the people and his positions in our community. Analyzing the situation in deferent’s point of views we always see a common merge to make the real situation work out for us and the persons who surrounds us. ForRead MoreHistory of Police Essay1254 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Police History of Police The role of police officers is very significant to American history. Police work toward protecting citizens’ rights and helping America become the land of the free. The United States of America is built from the U.S. Constitution Bill of Rights and police play a major role in making sure American rights are met. Evolution has changed many of American history for the better; policing is part of those changes. As new issues in society arise, police mustRead MorePolice History Paper1117 Words   |  5 Pagesthey were in the 1800s. Peel established the Metropolitan Police when he served as Home Secretary of England. Since Sir Robert Peel introduced his principles of policing in the early 1800s, our country has continued to follow his ideas of effective policing. Community policing is based on Peels concept of prevention. According to one of Peel’s principals, the real key for policing is The police are the people and the people are the police. Peel believed that prevention of crime could be accomplishedRead MorePolice Policing History911 Words   |  4 Pagesin her slow progress towards regulating policing standards and recruitment but liberal regions of the nation, like New York and California, were paving the way for professional attitudes toward policing by enforcing more extensive and comprehensive police recruitment standards. Gourley emphasized the need for regulation and professionalism in policing by comparing law enforcement to other highly skilled careers: â€Å"the traditional professions such as medicine law and teaching, [where] there is a recognizedRead MoreThe History Of Police And African Americans Essay1434 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst inequality to help end the unnecessary murders and unjust police beatings. However, where did these tensions between police and African Americans begin? This question can be answered by looking at the history of police in America and why they were originally established. Police first came on to the scene in 1704 when Carolina established the nation’s first slave patrol that would turn into what we know today as the modern police. The slave patrol had the duty of searching for runaway slavesRead MoreHistory Of Rocklin Police Department1144 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of Rocklin Police Department Thirty miles east of California’s State Capitol lies a unique town called Rocklin. This small town which was originally known as â€Å"Secret Ravine† originated in 1860, with a population of 440 and is recognized throughout history for its rock quarries and railroads. According to Roy Ruhkala (1974) Rocklin built its first city jail in the middle of the 1880’s, and was crafted of granite, with a small steel window and door. Each night a watchman patrolled the streetsRead MoreHistory Of Police Work During The United States1946 Words   |  8 Pages Since the beginning of police work in America, the system has changed from disorganized chaos into a well structured and rather complex network of communication, response efforts, and detection of lawless behavior. From the creation of the town watch to the transformation of the first police force in the colonies to the lawlessness of the old west and the efforts to revive efficient police work, America has been ever a dvancing its protection of those who live in the White House, the suburbs, theRead MoreThe History of Police Agencies and Different Types of Law Enforcement877 Words   |  4 PagesDevelopment of Police Agencies: Policing in the United States has mainly been based and expanded on the ideas of English way of policing. The English way of policing has not only been used as the basis for American policing but it has also been used to commence an era of evolving police agencies. In its early years, policing in the United States was largely regarded as a civic duty or responsibility of community members. The appointed officers were neither trained nor paid for their servicesRead MoreHistory Of Police. The United States’ Early Policing Was1265 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Police The United States’ early policing was rooted in the ancient system of British common law (Reppetto, 2010). The system depended heavily on watch groups and citizen volunteers. The U.S. has taken up a lot of initiatives to reform its system of policing since the 1960s. President Lyndon Johnson played an integral part to facilitate early reforms to policing. The primary functions of police in the US include law enforcement, protection of property, and limiting of civil disorder. PoliceRead MoreLaw Enforcement History: Historical Development of Police Agencies and Their Jurisdictions1017 Words   |  4 PagesThe Historical Development of Police Agencies and Their Jurisdictions: An Analysis Man is cruel and competitive. For these reasons, man often times wrongs others in society. And for this reason, it is necessary to have a law enforcement agency, whether local, state-based, or federal. In the absence of the rule of law, society would not be able to function, and man must make a pact that, in order to live and be protected within society, he must obey these laws. Police agencies often times serve as

Presidents of the Philippines Free Essays

Inocencio, Salve Regina S. W;F 11:00-12:30 BSCA 2-2March 6, 2013 Presidents of the Philippine Republic President| Birthday| Native Land| Term of Office| AKA/ Alias| Distinction| Greatest Achievement/ Legacy| Downfall| Cause of Death| Remarks| 1. Emilio Aguinaldo| March 22, 1869| Kawit, Cavite| January 20,  1899–April 1,1901| Heneral Miong| * He was the youngest (at age 28) to have become the country’s preside * The longest-lived former president (having survived to age 94)| * Gained the freedom of the Philippines from the Spaniards. We will write a custom essay sample on Presidents of the Philippines or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Philippines’ first President| * The invasion of the Americans| (February 6, 1964 )Coronary thrombosis| * He is still a good president of the Philippines even though there are lots of controversies about him. He did his best to protect his people from the invaders. | 2. Manuel L. Quezon| August 19, 1878| Baler, Aurora| November 15, 1935-August 1, 1944| Nonong| * He is the president of the  Commonwealth of the Philippines| * Father of the  National Language * He appears on the Philippine twenty peso bill| | (August 1, 1944)Tuberculosis | * He did a great job to improve the economy. 3. Jose P. Laurel| March 9, 1891| Tanauan, Batangas| December 4, 1942  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ October 14, 1943| JPL| * The puppet president of the Philippines. He was controlled by the Japanese in heading the country| * He was selected, by the National Assembly, under vigorous Japanese influence, to serve as President. | * He violated his Oath of Office and headed an illegal government of the Philippines . | (November 6, 1959)Unspecified| * I cannot say that Laurel is a good leader in the country because there are many wrong doings that he did. He was also been accused as a traitor. 4. Sergio Osmena| September 9, 1878| Cebu City, Cebu| August 1, 1944-May 28, 1946| SO| * The first  Visayan   to become President of the Philippines. | * Founder of  Nacionalista Party * Together with Manuel Roxas, Pres. Sergio Osmena went on a mission to the US to ask for the Philippines’ independence. The mission was called OSROX. The Philippines was granted its independence. | | (19 October 1961)Unspecified| * Despite of the war, Osmena was still brave to fight for the Philippines. He didn’t leave his countrymen in the fight. He also did rehabilitations in order to reserve the Philippines from war. | 5. Manuel Roxas| January 1, 1892| Capiz, Capiz| May 28, 1946-April 15, 1948| Manoling| * The first president of the independent  Third Republic of the Philippines| * Ratification of the Bell Trade Act * The Inclusion of the Parity amendment in the constitution * The signing of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement * The enactment of Hare – Hawes cutting Law in 1932 Tydings Mcduffie Act which led to the granting of the Philippine independence on July 04, 1946| | (April 15, 1948)Heart attack| * His term only last 1 year 10 months and 18 days. But even though he only served short, he managed to contribute in rescuing the country from its dire economic straits. He has he trait of agood leader. | 6. Elpidio R. Quirino| November 16, 1890| Vigan, Ilocos Sur| April 17, 1948-December 30, 1953| Pidiong| | * Hydroelectric project in Lanao * The establishment of PACSA * He signed the Magna Carta of Labor and Minimum Wage Law * Amnesty for the Huks| The Quirino administration was generally challenged by the  Hukbalahaps, who ransacked towns and barrios| (February 29, 1956)Hart Failure| * He was marked notable with reconstruction and economic gain But, his administration tainted by widespread corruption. | 7. Ramon Magsaysay| August 31, 1907| Iba, Zambales| December 30, 1953-March 17, 1957| Monching| * He was the first Philippine President born during the 20th century. | * His administration was considered one of the cleanest and most corruption-free; his presidency was cited as the Philippines’ Golden Years * He led the foundation of the  Southeast Asia Treaty Organization  also known as the Manila Pact of 1954 * He is the first Philippine president to wear a barong tagalog in his inauguration| | (March 17, 1957)Plane crash| * He brought back the trust of the Filipinos to the government and militaries by proving integrity I his term. He is a good man to all. | 8. Carlos P. Garcia| November 4, 1896| Talibon, Bohol| March 18, 1957-December 30, 1961| CPG| | * He  exercised the  Filipino First Policy * He acted on the Bohlen–Serrano Agreement * Initiated the â€Å"The Austerity Program†| | (June 14, 1971)Heart attack | * He believes that the government should no longer would tolerate the dominance of foreign interests in the national economy. Because of this the country learned to stand on its own. | 9. Diosdado Macapagal| September 28, 1910| Lubao, Pampanga| December 30, 1961-December 30, 1965| Dado| | * He introduced the country’s first  land reform  law * He   placed the peso on the free currency exchange market * He shifted the country’s observance of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12. | | (April 21, 1997)Heart failure,  pneumonia  and  renal  complications| * He focused on suppressing graft and corruption in the country. He also pursue the agricultural land reform code of 1963. And this favored the farmers. This does mean he is for the masses. | 10. Ferdinand E. Marcos| September 11, 1917|   Sarrat,  Ilocos Norte| December 30, 1965-February 25, 1986| Macoy| * The dictator who proclaimed martial law | * He proclaimed martial law and reigned 20 years as the President of the Philippines * Laws written by Marcos are still in force and in effect. | Corruption, political mismanagement, assassination of Benigno â€Å"Ninoy† Aquino Jr. | (September 28, 1989)Kidney failure| * Marcos’ term is worst. His administration was marred by massive corruption, political repression, and human rights violations. He is a selfish and greedy leader. | 11. Maria Corazon C. Aquino| January 25, 1933| Paniqui, Tarlac| February 25, 1986- June 30, 1992| Cory| * She uses a yellow ribbon as a symbol of democracy. | * The first female president of the Philippines and in Asia * She was named Woman of the Year by the Time Magazine in 1986 * Mother of Philippine Democracy| * Coup attempts , natural disaster like the erruption of the Mt. Pinatubo, the earthquake in Luzon, the typhoon Uring and it is also n her term where MV Dona Paz sank| (August 1, 2009)Colon Cancer| * Despite the fact that she doesn’t have any learning about politics, she still runs for the democracy. She is a fearless and selfless woman. | 12. Fidel V. Ramos| March 18, 1928| Lingayen, Pangasinan| June 30, 1992-June 30, 1998| Eddie| | * He declared his support for reinstating the death penalty * It is in his term the Philippines experienced rapid economic growth and expansion * He signed into law  Republic Act 7636-  Anti-Subversion Law. * 1997 Asian Financial Crisis| (March 18, 1928- Present)| *   As a result of his hands-on approach to the economy, the Philippines were dubbed by various internationally as  Asia’s Next Economic Tiger. He is a hard- working man and appropriate to be a leader. | 13. Joseph E. Estrada| April 19, 1937| Tondo, Manila| June 30, 1998  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ January 20, 2001| Erap| * He is an actor before becomi ng the President of the Philippines| * He declared an â€Å"all-out-war† against the  Moro Islamic Liberation Front| * Jueteng case * Jose Pidal issue| (April 19, 1937- Present)| * Estrada is a brave man. A fighter against those people who are enemy of the country. But, he is not also that idealistic leader. Still there are controversies about corruption and gambling. | 14. Gloria M. Arroyo|   April 5, 1947|   Lubao, Pampanga| January 20, 2001  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ June 30, 2010| Ate Glo| | * She focuses on infrastructures like the Clark,rehabilitation of NLEX and SLEX, MRT/ LRT extension and the PNR * Tourist industry boost in her term| * Electoral sabotage * Corruption| (April 5, 1947- Present)| * She is not the model of a person with integrity. Her family especially her husband took money from the government’s income. Yes she have many deeds to improve infrastructures but she is no good as a president. | 15. Benigno Aquino III| February 8, 1960| Manila| June 30, 2010- present| Noynoy| * Came from the family who contributed to gain the democracy of the people from Marcos. | * He signed  Executive Order No. 9, eorganizing the Presidential Commission on the  Visiting Forces Agreement * He  signed  Proclamation No. 3, declaring November 23, 2010, as a national day of remembrance for the victims in the  Maguindanao massacre. * Implemented Executive Order # 7 which suspends the privileges of executives of 122 Government Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs). | | (February 8, 1960- Present)| * Aquino is walking in the shoes of his parents. He is cleaning the government from corruption and improving the economy. But, despite of this many are still not satisfied with his performance| How to cite Presidents of the Philippines, Essay examples

Change Management in Health Care

Question: Discuss about theChange Management in Health Care. Answer: Change Management in Huntington Memorial Hospital Introduction Huntington Memorial Hospital is among the best health centers in the US. Research suggests that the 500 bed facility approximately 27000 admissions on an annual basis. Additionally, its emergency rooms have more than 57000 visits annually on average (Huntington Hospital, 2016). The mission of the hospital is to assure that the patients receive quality service through optimum utilization of the highly skilled and passionate professionals and incorporation of modern technology (Scott, 2012). To ensure that the facility is up to date with the changing technology, the management has installed a decentralized information system for every department. Thus, the staff members have easy access to information related to the department they work in. The communication process among the personnel is also faster as the workers access either the personalized or the organizational information through their corporate mails (Day Shannon, 2015). Although the decentralized system has helped improve the transfer of data among the healthcare professionals, the system presents numerous challenges to attainment of the set mission and thus there is a need to change it to a more centralized one. In the medical center, a restorative specialist is endowed with the commitment of giving best care administrations to the patients. Therapeutic care should be without missteps. In any case, there are diverse frequencies of botches and carelessness that are still seen in the health facility as far as solution strategies. Convictions have shown that missteps happen more a significant part of the time where the nurse director plan to help patients as opposed to mischief them. It is apparent that nobody yet the medical attendants will be reprimanded for these slip-ups. These bungles are a blend of components from remedial administrations circumstances, mis-organization of social protection supplies, correspondence holes among prosperity specialists, weaknesses in orderly preparing and insufficiency in chaperon's parts. Specialists must fulfill their parts with dependability to ensure patient's security and trustworthiness of human administrations structure. The medicinal services system must actualize e-solution to keep away from any event of therapeutic bungles in the treatment of patients. Specialists must be upheld, enlivened, and asked to consider the change, best wellbeing practices and issue emerging in the health facility. A medicinal overseer should have the ability to recognize the conceivable outcomes of a mistake happening amid solution, progression in restorative frameworks and cognizance of master commitments (Pdr, Pataki, Sebestyn, 2011) Outline of Change The required change within the hospital is centralization of the information system. The existing decentralized one presents the healthcare center with numerous challenges, one of them being that a specialist from one department faces barriers when accessing the information from other departments (Como et al., 2014). Each department has an information system where the specialists input medical data, such as diagnosis, treatment, medication of patients, nurses in charge of patients, supplies within the department. For a doctor in the cancer department to access information from the emergency room, he or she would have to ask for clearance from the ER head of department. The inability to access relevant information has resulted in increased medical errors for patients dealing with more than one department. For example, a patient suffering from cancer and thrombosis and admitted in the cancer ward, the required medication of thrombosis is overlooked. This could be either due to lack of knowledge or due to lack of timely access to information. As a result, there is reduced quality of services, endangerment of the lives of patients, and the hospital faces the threat of lawsuits. Centralization of the information system would help the specialists access the files of patients from different departments and assign the best treatment and care in a timely manner (Engineer et al., 2015). Approach to be used in Managing Change The best model for managing the change of the information system is the Kotters 8 Step Process of Change Management (Campbell, 2014). Although it is time consuming, it would help prepare all the staff members to embrace change and be a part of the process. The first process entails increasing the urgency of change through highlighting the medical errors that have occurred due to lack of access of adequate information. Moreover, pointing out the health centers that have a centralized system and reduced errors would enable the members of the firm see the need to change the existing system. Building the guiding team is the second step. Assembling the information system technicians of all departments would guarantee a composition of people with adequate knowledge on the operations of all departments. Involving the heads of department would increase the enthusiasm and commitment to improving the quality standards of the hospital. The third step is development of a vision and a strategy that are in line with the mission of the hospital of maintenance of high quality standards through incorporation of advanced technology. The strategies would entail sensitizing and educating people on the essence of improving the communication system and evaluating methods of improvement. This would provide a platform for the fourth step, which is of communication of the centralized information system (Dunphy, 2013). Through communication, the team leader would increase awareness on the components and features of the information system. Some of them are the use of one server system for the whole hospital, operation from the different computers, use of passwords for restricted documents, and granting accessibility for authorized persons only. Teaching the team members on the necessity to access the documents, advantages that the organization would have, and the roles they would play to ensure successful launch of a more effective and efficient system would improve the work synergy. Frequent talking of change to the other employees would improve their acquaintance to the new system (Casali Day, 2015). After communication of the change, there would be a need to embrace empowering actions that aid in removing barriers of change. For example, engagement of workers would help deal with any negative attitudes. Frequent communication with the management of the organization would increase the level of support of the change (Bartunek Woodman, 2015). Continual assessment of barriers and dealing with them would improve the cooperation level. The sixth step, which involves creation of short wins, members of the hospitals would be encouraged to participate through rewards (Burke, 2003). For example, those who give viable suggestions on how to incorporate the new information would be recognized and awarded. Moreover, there could be development of a small project of two departments sharing information to aid the workers associate with the success the information system would bring. It is also necessary to produce more change through consolidating gains. In this level, it would be necessary to centralize the whole information system. In case of any element that conflict against the mission of the healthcare, it would be restructured. Setting achievable objectives would not only help in identification of areas of improvement but also in discovery of new innovative concepts that would increase the benefits. Rotation of responsibilities among the team members would elevate innovativeness. The last step is consolidation of change as a new culture. This would help the workers cease to hold onto the concepts of the decentralized system. Some of the effective strategies are frequent talking of the new system, recognizing the contributors, and ensuring the key leaders of change influence more people (Campbell, 2012). Key Elements to be Managed during Change Since change faces numerous challenges, it is important to manage elements that would reduce the barriers of incorporation of the new system. One of the key elements is resistance to change. Since people fear the unknown, their first reaction to a new concept is rejecting it. Instead of focusing on the benefits, they dwell on the disadvantages (Charlesworth et al., 2016). For example, the management may reject the new system due to the high implementation cost. The elevated cost would be due to the expensive server that would serve the whole hospital, construction of a secure location for the server, and development of the program. The workers, on the other hand, could reject change due to fear of losing their jobs. For example, the departmental technicians may think that the system would only require one operator. To manage this challenge, it would be important to manage the communication strategies. One of the tactics would be enlightenment of the management of the organization. Presenting the need to improve the system in light of the benefits and disadvantages would result in the leaders making an informed judgment (Booth, Zwar Harris, 2013). Enlightenment of the workers on the requirement of change and giving an assurance of job security would reduce the level of resistance. Another communication strategy is elimination of rumors. People within the organization may distribute incorrect information giving rise to resistance to change. To eliminate such an occurrence, all the members of the organization would be notified about the change through the corporate mails, meetings, and notice boards (Allen, 2016). Another crucial element that requires management is the skills and labor (Carter, 2015). The change process requires people who are capable of developing a program that supports the number of staff members and patients of the organization. Other essential persons are computer hardware specialists who would install the server, designers of the server room and constructors. Some of these skills are available in the firm, such as the constructors and technicians who can develop the program. However, there would be a need to outsource the hardware installation task and the designing of the server. All the staff members would require going through a training program to enlighten them on how to operate the new system. It is also important to manage closely the goal of the change to prevent any probability of individuals deviating from the set vision. One of the strategies to ensure the attainment of set objective is its frequent communication. All people working in the organization would be aware of the target of the project. Employee engagement and issuing rewards would increase their motivation of ensuring the success of the new system (Pdr, Pataki Sebestyn, 2011). For example, there would be recognition and issuing bonuses for workers who research and come up with ways of increasing the level of efficiency and effectiveness of the Information system. Moreover, training the team members on working as a team and handling conflicts would improve the workforce synergy and commitment to the goal. How to Measure Success To ensure the effectiveness of the change implemented in the organization, there is a need to assess the results, which reflect the level of success. From the results, there could be development of ways of overcoming the present disadvantages and challenges to improve the efficiency level. One method of measuring success is benchmarking (Rufo, 2012). The new system is compared to the system of an organization whose level of performance is very high. For example, comparisons and differences could be evaluated between the organization and John Hopkins Hospital, which uses the centralized information system. The differences that do not present any advantages but disadvantages would be an indication of sources of improvement. Another measure of success is the gap analysis technique, which compares the current system to the set goals of the project during the change process. The difference between the expected results and the current position is an indication of points of correction. However, if the difference is zero, then the system was successfully implemented. This technique would entail collection of data from the staff members and the patients through administration of questionnaires. Using non-biased and close-ended questions would help improve on the accuracy of data collected. The open-ended questions, on the other hand, would help reflect whether the system has sufficiently met the expectation level (Grohar-Murray, DiCroce Langan, 2016). Low the unmet expectations signify high success level. How to use Outcomes in Future One of the ways the outcomes could be useful is through improvement of the implemented system to meet the expectations among the employees and patients, and the set goals. The results indicate some of the pitfalls of the system. Working on them would raise the quality standards, therefore ensuring that the success level is higher than during the evaluation process. Moreover, there would be improved guarantee of the information system working towards the set organizational mission (Hayes, 2014). The successful models and factors that promote the success of the change process could act as a platform for future changes in the organization (Lawrence, 2014). For example, if the communication strategies applied helped reduce the level of resistance to change, they could be applicable in addressing other changes in the system since they would have a higher probability of success than those not tested in the hospital. The management could also learn from the failures and challenges. Consequently, there would be improvement of the model during future use. Conclusion Centralization of the information system is a major change that Huntington Memorial Hospital requires. To ensure that there is successful implementation of change, the most appropriate model to be used is Kotters eight-step process model. There would be elimination of barriers to change through managing resistance to change, communication, required skills, and the set goals. After the implementation process, the evaluation process to be used for evaluating the success of the project would be benchmarking and comparison of the set goals to the current operation of the system. From these results, the hospital could improve the efficiency and effectiveness level of the new system. Moreover, the models applied during this change management process could be useful in future implementation of change since change is inevitable. References Allen, B. (2016). Effective design, implementation and management of change in healthcare. Nursing Standard, 31(3), 58-71. Bartunek, J. M., Woodman, R. W. (2015, April). Beyond Lewin: toward a temporal approximation of organization development and change. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2, 157-182. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111353 Booth, B. J., Zwar, N., Harris, M. F. (2013). Healthcare improvement as planned system change or complex responsive processes? a longitudinal case study in general practice. BMC Family Practice, 14(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2296-14-51 Burke, R. J. (2003). Introduction: Healthcare Restructuring. International Journal Of Public Administration, 26(14), 1555-1560. Campbell, B. W. (2012). Effective change management in a regional Sub-acute Ambulatory Care Services setting. Australian Health Review, 39-42. doi:10.1071/AH11031 Campbbell, H. (2014). Managing Organizational Change. Philadelphia, PA: Kogan Page. Carter, K. (2015). Book Review: Youth Resistance Research and Theories of Change. Management In Education, 29(4), 189-190. doi:10.1177/0892020614565758 Casali, G. L., Day, G. E. (2015). A Taxonomic Approach to Understanding Managerial Ethical Decision-Making Approaches of Clinically and Non-Clinically Trained Healthcare Managers in Australia. Asia Pacific Journal Of Health Management, 10(3), SI8-SI17. Charlesworth, K., Jamieson, M., Davey, R., Butler, C. D. (2016). Transformational change in healthcare: an examination of four case studies. Australian Health Review, 40(2), 163-167. Como, G. et al. (2014). Information and Control in network. Cham: Springer. Day, G. E., Shannon, E. (2015). Leading and managing change. Leading and Managing Health Services:An Australasian Perspective. Cambridge University Press. Dunphy, J. L. (2013). Enhancing the Australian healthcare sector's responsiveness to environmental sustainability issues: suggestions from Australian healthcare professionals. Australian Health Review, 37(2), 1-6. doi:10.1071/AH11108 Engineer, C. Y., Aswani, M., Peters, D., Gundla, A. M., Bennett, S. (2015). Empower Integrated health care delivery: Rapid Review of Change Management Across Healthcare Organizations. International Journal of Integrated Care, 15(8)., 15(8). Grohar-Murray, M. E., DiCroce, H. R., Langan, J. C. (2016). Leadership and management in nursing. Sydney: Pearson Education Publishers. Hayes, J. (2014). The theory and practice of change management. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Huntington Hospital. (2016). New Look:Ourstory. Retrieved October 29, 2016, from Huntington Hospital: https://ourstory.huntingtonhospital.com Lawrence, P. (2014). Leading Change: How successful leaders approach change management. Philadelphia, PA: Kogan Page. Pdr, K., Pataki, B., Sebestyn, Z. (2011). A Comparative Analysis of Stakeholder and Role Theories in Project Management and Change Management. International Journal Of Management Cases, 13(4), 252-260. doi:10.5848/Apbj.2011.00134 Rufo, R. (2012). Use of Change Management Theories in Gaining Acceptance of Telemedicine Technology. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 35(4), 322-327. doi:10.1097/cnq.0b013e3182684f67 Scott, R. (2012). Aspiring to Quality: Realizing Case Management's Ideal Function. Physician Executive, 38(4), 26-35.

Art 101 Formal Analysis of Art Research Paper Example

Art 101 Formal Analysis of Art Paper Formal Analysis of Art ART/101 July 17, 2011 Formal Analysis of Art There are a lot of differences between expressive and analytical lines in art. Analytical lines are mathematically rigorous, precise, controlled, logical, and rational. Sol LeWitt’s Wall Drawing No. 681 is one of the examples of analytical line. (Sayre, 2010). Expressive lines are less logical, free, loose, and somewhat out of control. Vincent Van Gogh’s painting â€Å"The Starry Night† is an example of art using expressive lines. (Sayre, 2010). Generally, analytical lines are very precise and very logical. The characteristics of the analytical lines are more closely associated with a male form while expressive lines are less logical and it is intended more on female form. Such connections associated with the lines and how they are employed, is shown the female form and the masculinity that reflects the cultural bias of art, such as the Greeks view of the male form being rational and strong with a great detail applied to show the beauty and aesthetic order, whereas the female form is displayed as emotional and weak in the relation of expressive lines. The painting Las Meninas by Diego Velasquez that has qualities that makes it very interesting to view. For example, I am observing the above listed painting through a  formal analysis of it, and interpretations of my understandings and concluded with the observations. The artist has portrayed an image of girls in the midst. Second, an artists working on a painting that reflects the painting background, while the image on the mirror on the very back wall depicts what appears to be the King and Queen. We will write a custom essay sample on Art 101 Formal Analysis of Art specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Art 101 Formal Analysis of Art specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Art 101 Formal Analysis of Art specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Just as the mirror used to attract the viewer’s visibility and many illusionistic effects is the formal qualities used by Diego Velasquez; it also portrays reflections of images outside the view. The artist used three primary focal-points including reflected mirrored images, half-length, and self-portrait. However, the depth and dimensions of the painting has been block; this has been achieved through the use of tones, color, layers and shapes to overlap the effects. The painting Nighthawks by Edward Hopper are also interesting but it is simpler than Las Meninas. After observing, I have concluded with my observations and with my understandings that in this painting the artists have portrayed cafe with people that appear to be physically and emotionally unattached. The backgrounds are a building that give the dark inside and also gives the presence of the nightfall. While the bright light insider the diner draws and make light to the details inside the diner. The darkish lighting outside the diner suggests being nightfall. The artist has achieved many effects through the use of rich colors and vibrant. In addition to this, the attention of the viewer’s attracts towards the people. The clean accomplished of the artists for this painting has combined the vibrant and rich colors to the apparent depth. Very well organized setting effect and well-structured also. Furthermore, the bright and vibrant contrasts of the cafe that title clearly depict nightfall. Reference Sayre, H. M. (2010). A World of Art. Sixth ed. Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Royal Road of the Achaemenids in Darius Empire

The Royal Road of the Achaemenids in Darius Empire The Royal Road of the Achaemenids was a major intercontinental thoroughfare built by the Persian Achaemenid dynasty king Darius the Great (521–485 BCE). The road network allowed Darius a way to access and maintain control over his conquered cities throughout the Persian empire. It is also, ironically enough, the same road that Alexander the Great used to conquer the Achaemenid dynasty a century and a half later. The Royal Road led from the Aegean Sea to Iran, a length of some 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers). A major branch connected the cities of Susa, Kirkuk, Nineveh, Edessa, Hattusa, and Sardis. The journey from Susa to Sardis was reported to have taken 90 days on foot, and three more to get to the Mediterranean coast at Ephesus. The journey would have been faster on horseback, and carefully placed way stations helped speed the communication network. From Susa the road connected to Persepolis and India and intersected with other road systems leading to the ancient allied and competing kingdoms of Media, Bactria, and Sogdiana. A branch from Fars to Sardis crossed the foothills of the Zagros mountains and east of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, through Kilikia and Cappadocia before reaching Sardis. Another branch led into Phyrgia. Not Just a Road Network The network might have been called the Royal Road, but it also included rivers, canals, and trails, as well as ports and anchorages for seaborne travel. One canal built for Darius I connected the Nile to the Red Sea. An idea of the amount of traffic that the roads saw has been gleaned by ethnographer Nancy J. Malville, who examined ethnographic records of Nepali porters. She found that human porters can move loads of 60–100 kilograms (132–220 pounds) a distance of 10–15 kilometers (6–9 miles) per day without the benefit of roads. Mules can carry loads of 150–180 kg (330–396 lbs) up to 24 km (14 mi) per day; and camels can carry much heavier loads up to 300 kg (661 lbs), some 30 km (18 mi) per day. Pirradazish: Express Postal Service According to the Greek historian Herodotus, a postal relay system called pirradazish (express runner or fast runner) in Old Iranian and angareion in Greek, served to connect up the major cities in an ancient form of high-speed communication. Herodotus is known to have been prone to exaggeration, but he was definitely impressed with what he saw and heard. There is nothing mortal that is faster than the system that the Persians have devised for sending messages. Apparently, they have horses and men posted at intervals along the route, the same number in total as the overall length in days of the journey, with a fresh horse and rider for every day of travel. Whatever the conditions- it may be snowing, raining, blazing hot, or dark- they never fail to complete their assigned journey in the fastest possible time. The first man passes his instructions on to the second, the second to the third, and so on. Herodotus, The Histories Book 8, chapter 98, cited in Colburn and translated by R. Waterfield. Historic Records of the Road As you might have guessed, there are multiple historical records of the road, including such as Herotodus who mentioned the royal waystations along one of the best-known segments. Extensive information also comes from the Persepolis Fortification Archive (PFA), tens of thousands of clay tablets and fragments incised in cuneiform writing, and excavated from the ruins of Darius capital at Persepolis. Much information about the Royal Road comes from the PFAs Q texts, tablets which record the disbursement of specific travelers rations along the way, describing their destinations and/or points of origin. Those endpoints are often far beyond the local area of Persepolis and Susa. One travel document was carried by the individual named Nehtihor, who was authorized to draw rations in a string of cities through northern Mesopotamia from Susa to Damascus. Demotic and hieroglyphic graffiti dated to Darius Is 18th regnal year (~503 BCE) has identified another important segment of the Royal Road known as Darb Rayayna, which ran in North Africa between Armant in the Qena Bend in Upper Egypt and the Kharga Oasis in the Western Desert. Architectural Features Determining Darius construction methods of the road is somewhat difficult since the Achmaenid road was built following older roadways. Probably most of the routes were unpaved but there are some exceptions. A few intact sections of the road which date to Dariuss time, such as that at Gordion and Sardis, were constructed with cobblestone pavements atop a low embankment from 5–7 meters (16–23 feet) in width and, in places, faced with a curbing of dressed stone. At Gordion, the road was 6.25 m (20.5 ft) wide, with a packed gravel surface and curbstones and a ridge down the middle dividing it into two lanes. Theres also a rock-cut road segment at Madakeh which has been associated with the Persepolis–Susa road, 5 m (16.5 ft) wide. These paved sections were likely limited to the vicinities of cities or the most important arteries. Way Stations Even ordinary travelers had to stop on such long journeys. A hundred and eleven way-posting stations were reported to have existed on the main branch between Susa and Sardis, where fresh horses were kept for travelers. They are recognized by their similarities to caravanserais, stops on the Silk Road for camel traders. These are square or rectangular stone buildings with multiple rooms around a broad market area, and an enormous gate allowing parcel- and human-laden camels to pass under it. The Greek philosopher Xenophon called them hippon, of horses in Greek, which means they probably also included stables. A handful of way stations have been tentatively identified archaeologically. One possible way station is a large (40x30 m, 131x98 ft) five-room stone building near the site of Kuh-e Qale (or Qaleh Kali), on or very close to the Persepolis–Susa road, known to have been a major artery for royal and court traffic. It is somewhat more elaborate than would have been expected for a simple travelers inn, with fancy columns and porticoes. Expensive luxury items in delicate glass and imported stone have been found at Qaleh Kali, all of which leads scholars to surmise that the site was an exclusive way station for wealthier travelers. Travelers Comfort Inns Another possible but less fancy way station has been identified at the site of JinJan (Tappeh Survan), in Iran. There are two known near Germabad and Madakeh on the Pesrpolis–Susa road, one at Tangi-Bulaghi near Pasargadae, and one at Deh Bozan between Susa and Ecbatana. Tang-i Bulaghi is a courtyard surrounded by thick walls, with several smaller ancient buildings, which fits other types of ancient buildings but also caravanserais. The one near Madakeh is of similar construction. Various historic documents suggest that there were likely maps, itineraries, and milestones to aid travelers in their journeys. According to documents in the PFA, there were also road maintenance crews. References exist of gangs of workmen known as road counters or people who count the road, who made sure that the road was in good repair. There is also a mention in the Roman writer Claudius Aelianus De natura animalium indicating that Darius asked at one point that the road from Susa to Media be cleared of scorpions. Archaeology of the Royal Road Much of what is known about the Royal Road comes not from archaeology, but from the Greek historian Herodotus, who described the Achaemenid imperial postal system. Archaeological evidence suggests that there were several precursors to the Royal Road: that portion which connects Gordion to the coast was likely used by Cyrus the Great during his conquest of Anatolia. It is possible that the first roads were established in the 10th century BCE under the Hittites. These roads would have been used as trade routes by the Assyrians and Hittites at Boghakzoy. Historian David French has argued that the much later Roman roads would have been constructed along the ancient Persian roads as well; some of the Roman roads are used today, meaning that parts of the Royal Road have been used continually for some 3,000 years. French argues that a southern route across the Euphrates at Zeugma and across Cappodocia, ending at Sardis, was the main Royal Road. This was the route taken by Cyrus the Younger in 401 BCE; and it is possible that Alexander the Great traveled this same route while conquering much of Eurasia in the 4th century BCE. The northern route proposed by other scholars as the main thoroughfare has three possible routes: through Ankara in Turkey and into Armenia, crossing the Euphrates in the hills near the Keban dam, or crossing the Euphrates at Zeugma. All of these segments were used both before and after the Achaemenids. Sources Asadu, Ali, and Barbara Kaim. The Acheamenid Building at Site 64 in Tang-E Bulaghi. Achaemenet Arta 9.3 (2009). Print. Colburn, Henry P. Connectivity and Communication in the Achaemenid Empire. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 56.1 (2013): 29–52. Print.Dusinberre, Elspeth R. M. Aspects of Empire in Achaemenid Sardis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Print.French, David. Pre- and Early-Roman Roads of Asia Minor. The Persian Royal Road. Iran 36 (1998): 15–43. Print.Malville, Nancy J. Long-Distance Transport of Bulk Goods in the Pre-Hispanic American Southwest. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 20.2 (2001): 230–43. Print.Stoneman, Richard. How Many Miles to Babylon? Maps, Guides, Roads, and Rivers in the Expeditions of Xenophon and Alexander. Greece and Rome 62.1 (2015): 60–74. Print.Sumner, W. M. Achaemenid Settlement in the Persepolis Plain. American Journal of Archaeology 90.1 (1986): 3–31. Print.Young, Rodne y S. Gordion on the Royal Road. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 107.4 (1963): 348–64. Print.

Andre Kertesz, Oskar Schlemmer and Herbert Bayer photo analysis Essay

Andre Kertesz, Oskar Schlemmer and Herbert Bayer photo analysis - Essay Example The essay "Analysis of photos by Andre Kertesz, Oskar Schlemmer, Herbert Bayer" explores works of famous photographers such as Andre Kertesz, Oskar Schlemmer, Herbert Bayer. The Bayer's work was of seemingly a bloodless cement-like portion that’s broken away. The artist’s self-portrait as both amputee dispenses and classical sculpture with the view of the unitary self or considered to take a stand against the unrealistic Aryan body obtained in Nazi art or mass culture in the mid-1930s. The era in history of this particular picture is of the uneasy political climate and in one way or another affected the way in which artists such Herbert Bayer approached the human body. For instance, Herbert Bayer turned to Photomontage for subversive political impacts seen. To oppose psychic hygiene of the Fascist propaganda tool and the corporeal perfection, the artist uniquely created hybrid anatomies of arrangements that were animate, but just ambivalently so. Das Triadische Ballett popularly known as holds a preeminent place in the totality of Oskar Schlemmer’s work. Oskar Schlemmer based his prototypical figures on the discoveries and deeper understanding accumulated during the undertaking and conception of the figurines for the ballet. Through keen analysis the work is based on symphonic dance. What is more interesting is how the artist conceived the three dancers— two males and one female. The artistic work correlates with surrealist’s ideology that seeks to demolish contemporary society rules.

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 48

English - Essay Example According to a report in the Wall Street Journal, the companies have increased their budget of marketing through Social Media (Tadena). Moreover, they can easily quantify the outcome through online surveys. Facebook is the biggest sensation when it comes to Social Media. Almost each and everyone has a Facebook account these days. Instagram came in after Facebook, and it has a different approach to connecting people. The users install this application on their smart phones and then click photographs through this application. One can connect with a lot of people through photographs. I have my account in both of these applications and they have been very helpful to me when it comes to connecting with my friends and family. I personally feel, that social media will never become out of practice because the mindset of the society is changing day by day. In this busy schedule, I feel that people do not have the time to personally call up their friends, rather they prefer to keep in touch wi th them through the social

Technology management Blog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology management Blog - Essay Example Money has a time value. This means the holder of the money has to make timely considerations when making financial decisions. This is used in our information technology sector. The information technology sector is a business and has to take into considerations the importance of making investment decisions. The time value of money is the fundamental mathematics that revolves around investing and it forms the basis of the financial calculations. Most significantly, it expounds on the concept of compound returns, which is the basic driving force of the investments growth overtime. There are several indicators of the time value of money. They include, net present value, present value, and future value. The present value is the current worth of future sum of money or cash inflows that are attained at a specific rate of return. Future cash flows are discounted at a certain discount rate. This means that the higher the discount rate, the lower the net present value of the future cash flows. The present value of an annuity is the sequence of equivalent payments that are paid at equal time intervals. An example of this is the lease and the rental payments made to house owners. Thirdly, there is the present value of perpetuity. This is an endless and a constant stream of identical cash flows. The last feature of time value of money is the future value. This is the future value of an asset or cash at a specified date that is to occur in the future that should be equal to the value of money at a specified sum now. This includes the future value of an annuity. This is the future value of a sequence of payments known as annuities that assumes the payments are invested at a given rate of interest (ROI). The importance of time value of money is that they provide an insight on the information on the risk of an investment. This helps the investor in being able to assess his business risks that faces him. Secondly, it provides a crude

The Advancement Of Technology And Construction Industry Construction Essay

The Advancement Of Technology And Construction Industry Construction Essay 2.1 Introduction The construction industry recently dominated many changes due to the advancement of technology, the industry needs to work collaboratively and pool knowledge in order to capture innovation. Its a common dilemma in the construction industry: how to capture knowledge and transfer it from one job to another, where there will be innovation among the talented personnel. Constructing Excellence, though, has come up with an innovative ground-up way of boosting RD and innovation. The construction process of today is in need of improvement. When comparing the construction process of today with the aspects that are considered necessary for the innovation process, it is clear that there are problems in the sector that to various extents hinder innovations. According to Kristian Widen the construction sector is blamed to be over conservative and low on innovation. Many different types of actions have been initiated depending on what is believed to be the problem. Generally Innovation in construction can be studied from many different perspectives. Traditionally, innovation in general has been studied from either an innovation systems perspective or from the single innovative company. Simplified, innovation systems research deals with how the different companies, government and other institutions relate to each other in the innovation superstructure, while research on the company often deals with its innovation capabilities, strategies etc. These different ways of looking into innovation have taken place in the construction sector as well over the years. There have been a number of studies covering, for example, how national research policies support construction innovation and how projects should be organized. The construction industry is generally driven by single projects that require the creation of a team to do the work and the subsequent dissolution of that team once the job is completed. This can both enable and constrain innovation. It enables innovation by ensuring great flexibility and fast adoption of new ideas and technology, but it can also constrain innovation as much knowledge gained through the process of a project is lost as the business moves on to the next project. Developing a strategy for learning within your organization can help overcome the potential problems of lost knowledge. Documenting lessons learned and best practices after every project can be a useful way to avoid previous mistakes and learn from experience. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 2.2 Review of the literature 2.2.1 Construction Innovation The need for innovation in the construction industry has long been stressed from both within and outside the industry. Changes in global markets, increased customer expectations, and government pressure have all led to innovation becoming a key focus for the construction sector. To echo this, a recent government report claims that Innovation needs to be at the heart of the construction industrys efforts to improve productivity and develop new capabilities, business and markets. Innovation in construction is considered to be the act of introducing and using new ideas, technologies, products and/or processes aimed at solving problems, viewing things differently, improving efficiency and effectiveness, or enhancing standards of living (The Civil Engineering Research Foundation (CERF), 2000, p. 2). It is increasingly recognized that innovation is not an orderly or neat process, but a process that is disorganized, controversial, and uneven that competes with the day-to-day business and everyday constraints of your business. Therefore, a conscious strategy to manage innovation is crucial in order to spot opportunities and convert these into growth. Generally there is no clear definition of the concept innovation. Many different varieties and also different models exist. For instance Innovation is the process through which firms seek to acquire and build upon their distinctive technological competence, understood as the set of resources a firm possesses and the way in which these are transformed by innovative capabilities (Dodgson and Bessant, 1990, p 38). Similarly its also defined innovation as Innovation means the application of new knowledge to industry, and includes new products, new processes, and social and organizational change (Firth and Mellor, 1999, p.199), It is when an act, as an idea, begins to impact on its environment (Atkin, 1999, p.4). A technological product innovation is the implementation/commercialization of a product with improved characteristics such as to deliver objectively new or improved services to the customer. A technological process innovation is the implementation/adoption of new a significantly improved production or delivery methods. It may involve changes in equipment, human resources, working methods or a combination of these. OECD, 1997, paragraph 24) A technological product innovation is the implementation/commercialization of a product with improved characteristics such as to deliver objectively new or improved services to the customer. A technological process innovation is the implementation/adoption of new or significantly improved production or delivery methods. It may involve changes in equipment, human resources, working methods or a combination of these. OECD, 1997, paragraph 24). Construction Innovation The construction innovations occur in different ways in the organizations, where some times we see they are common models take place in the organizations, while some times innovations occur in different models. Most business drivers to the need for the construction industry to put stronger focus on innovation, and one of the best series documents illustrates the recent attention that has been paid to this subject( Gann and Slater, 1998; Slaughter, 1998; Winch, 1998, Aktin, 1999; Gann et al., 2000; Koskela and Vrijhoef,2001). Drucker defined innovation as the effort to create purposeful, focused change in an enterprises or social potential. Others also defined innovation as innovation is defined as generation, acceptance and implementation of new ideas, processes, products or services (Thompson, 1965) or the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization (Amabile et al., 1996). According to the previous studies there are five models suggested by Slaughter, namely incremental, modular, architectural, system and radical innovations, by using these models of innovations companies can plan their implementation activities with respect to timing of commitment, coordination among project tea, special resources, and level of supervisory activity. The definition provided by Slaughter (1998) is broadly accepted by participants and academics. She defines innovation as follows: Innovation is the actual use of a nontrivial change and improvement in a process, product, or system that is novel to the institution developing the change. Innovation in the construction industry can take many forms. Slaughter (1998) characterizes such innovation according to whether it is incremental (small, and based on existing experience and knowledge), radical (a breakthrough in science or technology), modular (a change in concept within a component only), architectural (a change in links to other components or systems), or system (multiple, integrated Innovations). Apart form that, its increasingly accepted that construction innovation encompasses a wide range of participants within a product system (see, for example, Marceau et al., 1999). The construction industry is being increasingly challenged to successfully innovate in order to satisfy better the aspirations and need of society and clients and improve competitiveness (Latham 1994; DETR, 1998). Its also very important to consider the existing literature on the broad topic of construction innovation drivers and their operation in a variety of countries (see Blayse and Manley 2004), with the contributions of four authors standing out: Seaden (e.g., 1996), Winch (e.g., 1998), Slaughter (e.g., 1998; 2000) and Gann (e.g., 2001). These authors appear to most effectively mobilize expertise based on both the construction industry literature and the innovation literature. However, despite the significant contributions of these authors, there remains an opportunity to contribute to the literature by exploring construction innovation benefits, using Malaysia construction industry as case. Construction innovation as a field of study has generated a number of useful critiques of the industrys performance, the higher the levels of innovation in the construction industry, the greater the likelihood that it will increase its contribution to economic growth. The innovation processes always takes place but with out notice and the companies in the construction industry are interested innovative technologies in order to be competitive in todays market. In order to be clear with the above mentioned models, firstly we must understand the differences between innovation and invention, invention is a detailed design or model of a process or product that can clearly be distinguished as novel compared to existing arts. Innovation, on the other hand, is the actual use nontrivial change and improvement in the process, product, or system that is novel to the institution developing the change (freeman 1989). Generally the innovations has its benefits to the construction industry, commonly the innovations increase economic growth (Schumpeter 1934), apart from that the innovations also increase the productivity and efficiency (Schmookler 1952), innovation can also be associated with market growth, through the provision of new or improved products and services and reductions of cost of production. On the other hand construction-related innovations can also have significant social benefits (Seaden 1996). There are many attempts to define innovation within the industry, and one of the most comprehensive definitions was given by Ling (2003) and could be considered as the most comprehensive within the construction industry context. He defined innovation as an implementation of new idea to a construction project with the intention of deriving additional benefits, although there might be some associated risks and uncertainties. The new idea may be refer to new design, technology, material component, or construction method used in a project. (Asad et al., 2005). Models of Innovation Incremental and Radical innovations Incremental innovation is a small change, based upon current knowledge and experience. In contrast, a radical innovation is a breakthrough in science or technology that often changes the character and nature of an industry. While incremental innovations occur constantly, radical innovations are rate and unpredictable in their appearance and in their impacts. A radical innovation creates a new way of understanding a phenomenon and formulating approaches through which to solve problems (Nelson and Winter 1977; Dosi 1982). Modular and Architectural Innovations According to the previous studies, there is distinction between modular and architectural innovations, for instance the modular innovation entails a significant change in concept within a component, leaves the links to other components and systems unchanged, while Architectural innovation involves a small change within a components and systems (Henderson and Clark 1990). On the other hand Modular innovations may be developed within an organization and implemented with a minimum of negotiation with parties involved in the development or selection of other components; where as architectural innovations require change and modification in the set of interacting components and systems (Afuah and Bahram 1995). System Innovation System Innovation is also very important among the models of innovations, its identified through their integration of multiple independent innovations that must work together to perform new functions or improve the facility performance as a whole. For this kind of innovations the linkage are explicitly among the innovations, as well as entailing changes in the links to other components and systems (Cainarca et al .1989). The previous papers highlighted that the construction innovation offers the potential for significant company, industry, and societal benefits. As the demand rises for increasingly complex facilities, and the traditional sources of construction materials and labor shrinks, most construction related companies are looking for design and technology innovations to improve their products and services, and decrease their costs. The five models of construction innovations suggested by Slaughter are basis for construction companies to plan and carry out activities to effectively use specific construction innovations. The above models are based upon current theories in management and economics, but are modified to reflect the special conditions associated with constructed facilities.

Exploring the Dark Side of Human Nature in The Killers Essay -- Killer

Exploring the Dark Side of Human Nature in The Killers      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hemingway's "The Killers" illustrates that unexplained violence is an integrated part of society.   To acknowledge the cruelties of life is to come to terms with horrifying events that can not be denied.   A person may lack the maturity to cope with everyday life if they do not realize that evil can exist in any given society.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story is told in the objective point-of-view.   "Hemingway's approach to his story is different; he approaches it as a journalist approaches a news story, from a focal point somewhere outside of his characters" (Jaffe, 209).   The author tells the story only as an observer.   He does not tell the reader what the characters are thinking, nor does he give the reader any insight to his personal feelings.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the story progresses, the reader learns that "The Killers" intend to live up to the label Hemingway appropriately gave them.   "The Killers," however, are not the main focus of the story.   The title is symbolic only of the evil that the story revolves around, but the main focus of the story is Nick's discovery and disbelief of the true evil that lurks in everyday life.   Nick struggles with the knowledge that he can not change Ole's fate as he states, '"Don't you want to go and see the police?...Isn't there something I could do?...Maybe it was just a bluff...Couldn't you get out of town?...Couldn't you fix it in some way?'" (Hemingway, 251).   He is not mentally prepared to accept the darker side of human nature.  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "It is a story of discovery, in which the anonymity of the observer serves to compel the reader's attention to the bare facts as they add up, one by one, to a pattern of demonstrated yet... ...rld, they will be over-burdened with the unfairness of everyday life.    Works Cited Benson,   Jackson J.   Hemingway...The Writer's Art of Self-Defense.   Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1969. Brooks, Cleanth and Robert Penn Warren.   Understanding Fiction. 3rd ed.   New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1979. Hemingway, Ernest.   "The Killers."   Great Tales of Terror and the Supernatural.   New York: The Modern Library, 1972. Jaffe, Adrian H. and Virgil Scott.   Studies in the Short Story.   5th ed. New York: The Dryden Press, 1956. Moseley, Edwin M.   Pseudonyms of Christ in the Modern Novel.   New York: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1962. Walcutt, Charles C.   Man's Changing Mask.   Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1966. West, Ray B. Jr.   The Short Story in America.   2nd ed.   New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1968.